哈希算法

时间:2009-10-10     作者:smarteng     分类: 经典算法


 哈希算法将任意长度的二进制值映射为固定长度的较小二进制值,这个小的二进制值称为哈希值。哈希值是一段数据唯一且极其紧凑的数值表示形式。如果散列一段明文而且哪怕只更改该段落的一个字母,随后的哈希都将产生不同的值。要找到散列为同一个值的两个不同的输入,在计算上是不可能的,所以数据的哈希值可以检验数据的完整性。链表查找的时间效率为O(N),二分法为log2N,B+ Tree为log2N,但Hash链表查找的时间效率为O(1)。

设计高效算法往往需要使用Hash链表,常数级的查找速度是任何别的算法无法比拟的,Hash链表的构造和冲突的不同实现方法对效率当然有一定的影响,然 而Hash函数是Hash链表最核心的部分,下面是几款经典软件中使用到的字符串Hash函数实现,通过阅读这些代码,我们可以在Hash算法的执行效率、离散性、空间利用率等方面有比较深刻的了解。[break]

下面分别介绍几个经典软件中出现的字符串Hash函数。

●PHP中出现的字符串Hash函数的C语言实现

static unsigned long hashpjw(char *arKey, unsigned int nKeyLength)
{
unsigned long h = 0, g;
char *arEnd=arKey+nKeyLength;

while (arKey < arEnd) {
h = (h << 4) + *arKey++;
if ((g = (h & 0xF0000000))) {
h = h ^ (g >> 24);
h = h ^ g;
}
}
return h;
}
●MySql中出现的字符串Hash函数

#ifndef NEW_HASH_FUNCTION

/* Calc hashvalue for a key */
static uint calc_hashnr(const byte *key,uint length)
{
register uint nr=1, nr2=4;

while (length--)
{
nr^= (((nr & 63)+nr2)*((uint) (uchar) *key++))+ (nr << 8);
nr2+=3;
}

return((uint) nr);
}

/* Calc hashvalue for a key, case indepenently */
static uint calc_hashnr_caseup(const byte *key,uint length)
{
register uint nr=1, nr2=4;

while (length--)
{
nr^= (((nr & 63)+nr2)*((uint) (uchar) toupper(*key++)))+ (nr << 8);
nr2+=3;
}

return((uint) nr);
}
#else
/*
* Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
*
* The basis of the hash algorithm was taken from an idea sent by email to the
* IEEE Posix P1003.2 mailing list from Phong Vo (kpv@research.att.com ) and
* Glenn Fowler (gsf@research.att.com ). Landon Curt Noll (chongo@toad.com )
* later improved on their algorithm.
*
* The magic is in the interesting relationship between the special prime
* 16777619 (2^24 + 403) and 2^32 and 2^8.
*
* This hash produces the fewest collisions of any function that we've seen so
* far, and works well on both numbers and strings.
*/
uint calc_hashnr(const byte *key, uint len)
{
const byte *end=key+len;
uint hash;

for (hash = 0; key < end; key++)
{
hash *= 16777619;
hash ^= (uint) *(uchar*) key;
}

return (hash);
}

uint calc_hashnr_caseup(const byte *key, uint len)
{
const byte *end=key+len;
uint hash;

for (hash = 0; key < end; key++)
{
hash *= 16777619;
hash ^= (uint) (uchar) toupper(*key);
}

return (hash);
}
#endifMysql中对字符串Hash函数还区分了大小写

●另一个经典字符串Hash函数

unsigned int hash(char *str)
{
register unsigned int h;
register unsigned char *p;

for(h=0, p = (unsigned char *)str; *p ; p++)
h = 31 * h + *p;

return h;
}